Benign versus Malignant
What changes occur in cells
Benign versus Malignant
What changes occur in cells
Aims and Objectives
Consider what changes occur in cells
Consider the significance of the terms ‘malignant’ and ‘benign’ on patients
Compare the differences between malignant and benign tumours
Learning Outcomes
Explain how patho-physiological and traumatic changes result in specific disorders and client signs and symptoms
Explore the significance and impact of relevant health and social care policies on the client's experience and the nurse's role
One
Two
Definitions
Malignant cells are harmful (virulent)
What the patient hears
Malignant = cancer = you will die
Impact on patient = ‘‘enormous’’ (NICE 2015)
Benign cells are non-harmful i.e.non-malignant
What the patient hears
Benign = you might have cancer
Tumours
Malignant
rapid growth
invades surrounding tissue
not well defined
metastisizes
not confined
cancerous
not contained
Differences in cell growth and behaviour in benign and malignant tumours
Benign
slow growing
non-invasive
well defined
does not metastisize
Defined
non cancerous
easier to remove
Cancer Genes
Proto oncogenes and anti oncogenes (tumour suppressor)
Hallmarks of malignant cells
Genome instability & mutation
Dark GG and Razak AR (2014)
Resisting cell death (apoptosis)
Sustaining prolific signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Activating invasion and metastasis
Reprogramming energy metabolism
Evading immune destruction
Tumour-promoting inflammation
References